Mitophagy Detection Kit is optimized for mammalian cells.
Mitochondria is one of the cytoplasmic organelle that plays a crucial role in cells such as production of energy for cell viability. Recently, Mitophagy appears to be related to Alzheimer and Parkinson disease induced by the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria. Mitophagy serves as a specific elimination system that dysfunctional mitochondria caused by oxidative stress and DNA damage are sequestered into autophagosome, fused to lysosome and degraded by digestion.This kit is composed of Mtphagy Dye, reagent for detection of mitophagy, and Lyso Dye. Mtphagy Dye accumulates in intact mitochondria, is immobilized on it with chemical bond and exhibits a weak fluorescence from the influence of surrounding condition. When Mitophagy is induced, the damaged mitochondria fuses to lysosome and then Mtphagy Dye emits a high fluorescence. To confirm the fusion of Mtphagy Dye–labeled mitochondria and lysosome, Lyso Dye included in this kit can be used.
E. Fang etc. detected tomatidine induced mitophagy in HeLa cells by using mt-mKeima. Mitophagy was also detected in both primary rat cortical neurons and human SH-SY5Y neural cells using our Mitophagy Detection Kit.3 Mitophagy Detection Kit would be a valid alternative method if protein expression/transfection is not ideal for the experiment.
For more information on Mtphagy Dye compositions and examples, please refer to the publication below:Iwashita H, Torii S, Nagahora N, Ishiyama M, Shioji K, Sasamoto K, Shimizu S, Okuma K. “Live Cell Imaging of Mitochondrial Autophagy with a Novel Fluorescent Small Molecule.“ACS Chem Biol, 2017, doi: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00647.Notes: Mtphagy Dye and Lyso Dye are Patent Pending.
Transfection procedure is not needed for mitophagy imaging.
CCCP(carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) has been added to normal and Parkin expressed cells. The strong fluorescence was not observed in normal HeLa cells(A)(B). On the other hand, the trong fluorescence was shown in Parkin expressed cells in 18 hours after additon of CCCP(C). Some of the puncta are co-localized with the autophagy marker(GFP-LC3). In addition, suppressed fluorescence of Mtphagy dye was observed when autophagy inhibitor, bafilomycin was added to Parking expressed cells(D). Because lysosomal pH was increased by the additon of bafilomycin.
Living HeLa cells are co-stained with Mtphagy Dye and Lyso Dye under mitophagy induced condition.
Mtphagy Dye was added to HeLa cells and the cells were incubated for 6 hours under starved condition. Before observation of the cells, lysosomal staining dye, Lyso Dye was added to HeLa cells. The fluorescent intensity of Mtphagy Dye was increased in the starved HeLa cells but not in normal cells. In addition, Mtphagy Dye was co-localized with Lyso Dye in the starved cells.
Induction of mitophagy by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as a mitochondrial-uncoupling reagent with Parkin expressed HeLa cells
HeLa cells were seeded on μ-slide 8 well (Ibidi) and cultured at 37oC overnight in a 5%-CO2 incubator. The cells were transfected with Parkin plasmid vector by HilyMax transfection reagent (Code#:H357), and incubated at 37oC overnight. The Parkin expressed HeLa cells were washed with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice and then incubated at 37oC for 30 minutes with 250 μl of 100 nmol/l Mtphagy Dye working solution containing 100 nmol/l MitoBright Deep Red (Code#:MT08). After the washing of the cells with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice, the culture medium containing 10 μmol/l CCCP was added to the well. After 24 hours incubation, mitophagy was observed by a fluorescence microscopy. After removing the supernatant, 250 μl of 1 μmol/l Lyso Dye working solution were added to the cells and incubated at 37oC for 30 minutes. The cells were washed with Hanks’ HEPES buffer twice and then co-localization of Mtphagy, Lyso Dye and MitoBright Deep Red was observed by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Observation of mitophagy using Parkinexpressed HeLa cells (upper panel) and normal HeLa cells (Lower)A, E) Fluorescent images of Mtphagy Dye; B, F) Fluorescent images of Lyso Dye;C, G) Fluorescent images of MitoBright Deep Red; D, H) Merged images
Mitochondrial condition in the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) treated Parkin-expressing HeLa cells was compared with untreated cells using Mitophagy Detection Kit (MD01, MT02) and JC-1 MitoMP Detection Kit (MT09).
Result:Mitophagy was not detected in untreated cells and the membrane potential was normal. However, reduction of membrane potential and mitophagy were observed in treated cells.
 | Experimental ConditionTransfection of Parkin plasmid to HeLa cells– HileyMax (H357) was used to transfect Parkin plasmid to HeLa cells (Parkin plasmid/HilyMax reagent: 0.1μg/0.2 μL) by incubating overnight.Detection of Mitophagy1. Add 0.1 μmol/L Mtphagy working solution to Parkin expressing HeLa cells and incubated for 30 minutes at 37 ℃2. Wash cells with HBSS3. Add 10 μg/mL CCCP/MEM solution and inclubate for 2 hours at 37 ℃4. Observe under fluorescence microscopeDetection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential1. Add 10 μg/mL CCCP/MEM solution to Parkin expressing HeLa cells and incubate for 1.5 hours at 37 ℃2. Add 4 μmol/L JC-1 working solution (final concentration: 2 μmol/L) and incubate for 30 minutes at 37 ℃3. Wash with HBSS and add Imaging Buffer Solution.4. Observe under fluorescence microscope |
Detecting Condition:
Mitophagy DetectionEx: 561 nm, Em: 570-700 nm
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential DetectionGreen Ex: 488 nm, Em: 500-550 nmRed Ex: 561 nm, Em: 560-610 nm
FCM
Mitochondrial contribution to lipofuscin formation
Procedure (Adherent cell):
1.Cells were washed twice with DMEM and afterwards incubated at 37 °C for 30 min with 100 nmol Mtphagy Dye diluted in DMEM.
2.After this incubation cells were again washed twice with DMEM followed by the addition of complete DMEM.
3.The induction of mitophagy was then accomplished by the addition of 20 µM carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) for 24 h. Subsequently, fibroblasts were trypsinized and fluorescence intensity of Mtphagy Dye was measured by flow cytometry at 488 nm excitation and 655–730 nm emission.
Age-associated changes in human CD4+ T cells point to mitochondrial dysfunction consequent to impaired autophagy
Procedure (Suspension cell):
- Briefly, 2×106 CD4+ T cells were divided into four tubes containing serum-free RPMI.
- Tube #1 was for unstained cells that followed all washing and media changing processes.
- 100 nmol/l Mtphagy Dye working solution was added to tubes #2, 3, 4 and then all tubes were incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes.
- The cells were then washed with serum-free medium. After discarding the supernatant, complete medium (RPMI 1640, 10% FBS, 1% P/S/G) was added to all the tubes.
- Ten μmol/l CCCP (Sigma-Aldrich) mitophagy-inducer was then added to tube #3, 100 nmol/l Bafilomycin A1 (Sigma-Aldrich) autophagy inhibitor was added to tube #4.
- All tubes were then incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours.
- After 18 hours, cells were washed with FACS buffer.
- Mtphagy Dye fluorescence detection by flow cytometry (BD FACSCANTO II) was performed using 488 nm for excitation and 695 nm for emission (this corresponds to the PerCP cy5.5 channel). Data were analyzed using FLOWJO software (version 10).
Microplate Reader
PINK1 depletion sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer to glycolytic inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate: involvement of ROS and mitophagy
| No. | Sample | Instruments | Publications |
| 1) | Cell(HeLa, MEF) | Fluorescencemicroscope | H. Iwashita, H. T. Sakurai, N. Nagahora, M. Ishiyama, K. Shioji, K. Sasamoto, K. Okuma, S. Shimizu, and Y. Ueno, “Small fluorescent molecules for monitoring autophagic flux.”, FEBS Letters., 2018, 592, (4), 559–567. |
| 2) | Cell(HeLa) | Fluorescencemicroscope | T. Sakata, A. Saito and H. Sugimoto, “In situ measurement of autophagy under nutrient starvation based on interfacial pH sensing.”, Scientific Reports., 2018, 8, 8282. |
| 3) | Cell(HS-MM) | Fluorescencemicroscope | Y. Egawa, C. Saigo, Y. Kito, T. Moriki and T. Takeuchi , “Therapeutic potential of CPI-613 for targeting tumorous mitochondrial energy metabolism and inhibiting autophagy in clear cell sarcoma.”, PLoS One., 2018, 13, (6), e0198940. |
| 4) | Cell(HaCaT) | Fluorescencemicroscope | S. Abe, S. Hirose, M. Nishitani, I. Yoshida, M. Tsukayama, A. Tsuji and K. Yuasa , “Citrus peel polymethoxyflavones, sudachitin and nobiletin, induce distinct cellular responses in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.“, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. ., 2018, 82, (12), 1347. |
| 5) | Cell(KGN) | Fluorescencemicroscope | W. Yuping, M. Congshun, Z. Huihui, Z. Yuxia, C. Zhenguo and W. Liping, “Alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress protects against cisplatin-induced ovarian damage.”, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2018,doi: 10.1186/s12958-018-0404-4. |
| 6) | Cell(BmN) | Fluorescencemicroscope | S. Xue, F. Mao, D. Hu, H. Yan, J. Lei, E. Obeng, Y. Zhou, Y. Quan, and W. Yu, “Acetylation of BmAtg8 inhibits starvation-induced autophagy initiation.”, Mol. Cell Biochem., 2019,doi: 10.1007/s11010-019-03513-y. |
| 7) | Cell(HeLa) | Fluorescence microscope | F. Hongbao,Y. Shankun, C. Qixin, L. Chunyan, C. Yuqi, G. Shanshan, B. Yang, T. Zhiqi, L. Z. Amanda, T. Takanori, C.Yuncong, G. Zijian, H. Weijiang and D. Jiajie , “De Novo-Designed Near-Infrared Nanoaggregates for Super-Resolution Monitoring of Lysosomes in Cells, in Whole Organoids, and in Vivo.”, ACS Nano, 2019, 13, (12), 1446. |
| 8) | Cell(RT-7) | FlowCytometer | E. Sasabe, A. Tomomura, N. Kitamura and T. Yamamoto, “Metal nanoparticles-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in human oral keratinocytes is a possible mechanism of oral lichenoid lesions.”, Toxicol In Vitro., 2020, 62, 104663. |
| 9) | Cell(multiple myeloma) | Fluorescence microscope | J. Xia, Y. He, B. Meng, S. Chen, J. Zhang, X. Wu, Y. Zhu, Y. Shen, X. Feng, Y. Guan, C. Kuang, J. Guo, Q. Lei, Y. Wu, G. An, G. Li, L. Qiu, F. Zhan and W. Zhou, “NEK2 induces autophagy-mediated bortezomib resistance by stabilizing Beclin-1 in multiple myeloma.”, Mol Oncol, 2020, DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12641. |
| 10) | Cell(Human L2) | Fluorescence microscope | Q. Xu, W. Shi, P. Lv, W. Meng, G. Mao, C. Gong, Y. Chen, Y. Wei, X. He, J. Zhao, H. Han, M. Sun and K. Xiao, “Critical role of caveolin-1 in aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity via the regulation of oxidation and autophagy.”, Cell Death Dis., 2020, 11(1), 6. |
| 11) | Cell(Cardiomyocytes) | Fluorescence microscope | L Cui, LP Zhao, JY Ye, L Yang, Y Huang, X.P. Jiang, Q. Zhang, JZ. Jia, DX. Zhang and Y. Huang, “The Lysosomal Membrane Protein Lamp2 Alleviates Lysosomal Cell Death by Promoting Autophagic Flux in Ischemic Cardiomyocytes.“, Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020,DOI:10.3389/fcell.2020.00031. |
| 12) | Cell(IPEC-J2) | Fluorescence microscope | Y Yang, J Huang, J Li, H Yang and Y. Yin, “The Effects of Butyric Acid on the Differentiation, Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy of IPEC-J2 Cells..”, Curr. Mol. Med., 2020, 20(4), 307. |
| 13) | Cell(Fibroblasts, Kidney epithelial cells) | Fluorescence microscope | M. M. Ivanova, J. Dao, N. Kasaci, B. Adewale, J. Fikry and O. G. Alpan , “Rapid Clathrin-Mediated Uptake of Recombinant α-Gal-A to Lysosome Activates Autophagy”, Biomolecules , 2020, 10(6), 837. |
| 14) | Cell(NHEKs) | Fluorescence microscope | S. Ikeoka and A. Kiso , “The Involvement of Mitophagy in the Prevention of UV-B-Induced Damage in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes “, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Jpn., 2020, 54(3), 252. |
For 96 wells plates format (100 ul/well), the kit is sufficient for 5 plates. For 35 mm dish format (2ml), the kit is sufficient for 25 assays.
Figure 1. Background caused by phenol red observed by the fluorescence microscope. However, when using confocal microscope, there is no effect from phenol red.We strongly recommend using confocal microscope when detecting mitophagy.
Mtphagy Dye: Ex.500~560 nm, Em.670~730 nm, Lyso Dye: Ex.350~450 nm, Em.500~560 nm
The emission of Mtphagy Dye overlap with the emission of MitoBright Deep Red. You need to excite Mtphagy Dye at the wavelength that does not excite MitoBright Deep Red.[Example]After staining MitoBright Deep Red, the cells were observed at the following excitation and emission filters for Mtpahgy dye and MitoBright Deep Red.
Fluorescence from the MitoBright Deep Red was detected in the channel of Mtphagy Dye.Please refer to the following section to reduce spectral overlap to acceptable levels.1. Change an excitation filter
Please change the excitation wavelength of Mtphagy Dye to approximately 500 nm and make sure that MitoBright Deep Red isn’t excited.2. Adjust the excitation intensity and the sensitivity of fluorescent detection
Please adjust the excitation intensity or the sensitivity of the detection until the fluorescent from the other dyes are no longer detected. After that, please double-check that you can detect the fluorescence of Mtphagy Dye.
How to check the spectral overlapExample using Mtphagy Dye, Lyso Dye, and MitoBright Deep Red1. Prepare cells in 3 different dishes or wells (dish/well No.1-3).2. Add Mtphagy Dye to the dish/well No. 1, Add MitoBright Deep Red to dish/well No.2 with serum-free medium.3. Incubate the cells at 37°C for 30 minutes.4. Culture cells under the mitophagy inducing condition (e.g. starvation induced mitophagy)5. Add Lyso Dye to No. 3 (No.3 is dish/well contained in only the cells) with serum-free medium.6. Incubate the cells at 37°C for 30 minutes.7. Detect fluorescence at the appropriate Ex./Em. wavelength for each reagent.Mtphagy Dye: ex. 500-560nm, em. 670-730nmLyso dye: ex. 350-450nm, em. 500-560nmMitoBright Deep Red: ex. 640nm, em. 656-700nm8. Check to see if fluorescent is observed under detection condition of other reagents.(Example: For Dish/well No.1, please check to see the fluorescence under detection condition for Lyso dye and MitoBright Deep Red.)
Related Categories Cell Staining Intracellular Fluorescent Probes Mitochondria Research
